Brain Tumors in Cats: Vet-Verified Causes, Symptoms & Natural Support

Brain tumors in cats are a rare yet serious condition caused by abnormal cell growth within the healthy brain tissue. While this diagnosis can be daunting, did you know that natural remedies can play a supportive role in your pet’s care?

In this article, we’ll cover everything you need to know about brain cancer in cats, including its clinical signs, causes, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and natural remedies to help support your pet’s well-being.

What are Feline Brain Tumors?

Brain tumors in cats are abnormal cell growths that develop in the brain or nearby tissues, including the protective membranes of the brain and spinal cord.

These tumors are classified as either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous, with the potential to spread to other parts of the body).

Brain cancer in cats is further categorized into two types: primary and secondary brain tumors.

Primary brain cancer means that the primary tumor originated in the brain.

Secondary brain cancer, on the other hand, occurs when a tumor originates in another part of the body and metastasizes—a technical term for "spreads"—to the brain.

Primary Brain Tumors in Cats: A Quick Overview

Cats can develop several types of primary brain tumors, with the most common including meningioma, glioma, lymphosarcoma (also called lymphoma), choroid plexus papilloma, and pituitary tumors. In the following sections, we’ll take a closer look at each of these.

Meningioma

Meningioma, the most common primary brain tumor in cats, arises in the meninges—the membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord.

Typically benign, these slow-growing tumors are solitary and well-defined, distinct from surrounding brain tissue. This condition is typically managed through surgical removal.

As with canine meningiomas, this most common brain tumor in cats is classified into three types based on histological grading:

• Grade I (low-grade, benign): The most commonly diagnosed type, with studies indicating that 94% of enrolled cats had low-grade meningiomas.
• Grade II (intermediate-grade, atypical)
• Grade III (high-grade, anaplastic or malignant)

Low-grade meningioma is the least aggressive form of brain cancer and is typically considered benign, as it does not infiltrate the neuroparenchyma or spread to other tissues. In contrast, high-grade meningiomas, while rare in cats, can metastasize to the lungs.

Glioma

Gliomas are tumors that arise in the central nervous system from glial cells. In cats, the three types of gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and the less common ependymomas.

Astrocytomas are common in dogs but rare in cats. These highly malignant tumors originate from astrocytic cells, which play a protective role for nerve cells.

These tumors most commonly occur in the piriform lobe of normal brain tissue, the convexity of the cerebral hemisphere, the thalamus-hypothalamus region, and the midbrain. Occasionally, they may also develop in the cerebellum or spinal cord.

Lymphosarcoma (lymphoma)

Primary brain lymphoma is a rare condition in cats, accounting for up to 3% of all primary central nervous system cancers. Although more common in young cats, it can also affect older cats over 9 years of age.

Choroid plexus papilloma

Choroid plexus papillomas develop in the brain's ventricular system, which produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This rare tumor accounts for just 0.4% of all intracranial tumors in cats and often causes sudden seizure activity.

Pituitary tumors

Pituitary tumors develop in the pituitary gland, a small organ at the brain's base that produces essential hormones. These tumors can disrupt hormone production and pressure surrounding nerves, significantly impacting a cat's quality of life and causing various symptoms.

The most common pituitary tumor in cats affects the region responsible for producing growth hormones. Some cats may develop tumors that disrupt adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production, leading to Cushing's disease.

Pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome occurs when excessive cortisol, the stress hormone, is released into the bloodstream. This condition is very rare in cats.

A Brief Guide to Secondary Tumors of the Brain in Cats

Secondary brain tumors originate in other parts of the body and spread to the brain through metastasis. This process occurs when cells from metastatic tumors detach from the primary site and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, forming growths in the brain.

In cats, as in dogs, aggressive cancers like melanoma, mammary carcinoma, and hemangiosarcoma can metastasize to the brain.

What Causes Feline Brain Tumors?

While the exact causes of brain tumors in cats remain unknown, several factors may increase the risk. These include abnormalities in the brain's pH, where the tissue becomes too acidic or alkaline, as well as metabolic imbalances and conditions like cerebral edema caused by injuries or diseases.

Age is another factor, with older cats being more prone to brain tumors. Additionally, certain breeds, such as the Scottish Shorthair and Siamese, are more predisposed to developing meningiomas.

What are the Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Cat Brain Tumors?

Here is a brief summary of the common symptoms associated with brain tumors in cats. Your cat may have a brain tumor if they exhibit the following signs:

• Vacant episodes (staring into space)
• Seizures
• Walking in circles
• Head tilt
• Behavioral changes (such as increased aggressiveness)
• Incoordination

Additionally, some cats may display increased thirst, appetite, and excessive urination.

Other general clinical signs may also occur, including:

• Lethargy
• Fatigue
• Weight loss
• Depression

If your cat is showing any of these symptoms, it is a clear indication that something is wrong. Promptly consult a veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Early detection of brain tumors is highly beneficial.

How Do Vets Diagnose Brain Tumors in Cats?

Diagnosing brain tumors in cats is a complex process that requires a combination of methods. These include a general evaluation, imaging techniques, and laboratory tests.

The process typically begins with a thorough physical examination, during which the veterinarian assesses neurological signs such as behavioral changes, coordination issues, and other nervous system abnormalities. The affected cat’s medical history may also be discussed.

Advanced imaging methods, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) scans, are used to confirm the presence of a tumor.

These techniques provide detailed brain images to locate the tumor and evaluate its size and impact on surrounding structures. Additionally, the veterinarian may recommend thoracic X-rays to determine if the cancer has spread to the lungs, as standard radiography cannot penetrate the skull to visualize the brain.

The veterinarian may also recommend blood tests to rule out other conditions or to monitor your cat's general condition.

In some cases, a biopsy is needed to identify the tumor type. This involves removing part of the tumor (incisional biopsy) or the entire tumor (excisional biopsy). The sample is then analyzed through histopathology to determine the tumor type and its aggressiveness.

Some veterinarians may recommend encephalography (EEG) or cerebrospinal fluid analysis. EEG measures the brain’s electrical activity and, though less commonly used, can help detect abnormalities like seizures associated with brain tumors.

As previously noted, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord from injury. CSF analysis—via a process called spinal tap—can help rule out inflammatory diseases, and elevated protein levels in the fluid are often seen in cats with brain tumors.

How Do Vets Treat Cat Brain Tumors?

Treating brain tumors in cats depends on factors like the tumor’s type, location, size, and the cat’s overall condition. It is a complex process that may involve various treatment options, used alone or in combination, such as:

Surgical removal

This method, often preferred for meningiomas, involves the partial or total removal of brain tumors to reduce pressure on the brain and alleviate symptoms like seizures or balance issues.

However, not all tumors are operable, particularly those in sensitive or hard-to-reach areas. Tumors deep within brain tissue carry a risk of damaging healthy tissue during removal, potentially leading to complications.

Radiation therapy (radiotherapy)

This treatment is recommended when surgical removal of the tumor is not an option. Some brain tumors are extremely difficult to access surgically.
In some cases, radiotherapy is combined with surgery to shrink tumors that cannot be completely removed, reducing their size and preventing further growth. Possible side effects include fatigue and loss of appetite.

Chemotherapy

This treatment involves administering drugs to kill tumor cells. While chemotherapy is not always effective for primary brain tumors, it is typically recommended for secondary tumors or to manage growth.

Targeted chemotherapy offers greater promise for treating challenging feline brain tumors. This method uses a small catheter inserted directly into the tumor to deliver chemotherapy drugs gradually over several hours.

Palliative treatment

This is based on improving the cat's quality of life when curative treatments are not possible. These may include medications to control pain, anti-inflammatories to reduce swelling, and corticosteroids to reduce intracranial pressure.

Ongoing care and monitoring

Cats with brain tumors require close, ongoing monitoring. Veterinarians will periodically assess the cat’s condition through regular clinical examinations. Management of brain tumors in cats is tailored to each case. Often, a combination treatment approach can provide the best results.

10 Natural Remedies for Brain Tumor in Cats

Whether you're dealing with primary brain tumors or their secondary counterparts, natural treatments cannot cure cancer. However, they can support your cat's immune system, helping them combat brain tumors more effectively and recover more smoothly.

#1. Medicinal Mushrooms

Medicinal mushrooms are known to stimulate and strengthen the immune systems of cats battling cancer. These mushrooms contain polysaccharides, natural compounds with direct anticancer properties.

Additionally, polysaccharides provide anti-inflammatory benefits, which can further support a cat's overall health and well-being. Examples of medicinal mushrooms that may be effective in treating brain cancer in cats include:

• Reishi mushrooms: These mushrooms support immune function by influencing white blood cells, which are vital for fighting cancer and infections.

• Shiitake mushrooms: Packed with l-ergothioneine (a powerful antioxidant) and lentinan (an immune-boosting polysaccharide), these mushrooms strengthen the body's defenses.

• Turkey tail mushrooms: Containing polysaccharide-K (PSK), a compound that enhances immune response, these mushrooms can improve survival rates and reduce the risk of recurrence when used alongside conventional treatments.

• Maitake mushrooms: By activating macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and cytotoxic T cells, these mushrooms boost the body's ability to combat cancer cells effectively.

#2. Birch Polypore

This mushroom offers a wide range of health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and potential anticancer effects. Studies in animals have demonstrated its anti-tumor properties, highlighting its promise as a medicinal ingredient.

Zumalka’s PIPTOPET features birch polypore (Fomitopsis betulina) as its active ingredient, which provides several benefits for your cat. These include supporting brain health in cats with cancer, alleviating symptoms, and bolstering the immune system to promote natural healing processes.

PIPTOPET can be used alone or in combination with these homeopathic remedies, which are part of an OPTIMAL KIT:

• TONICPET #4 supports the efficient delivery of oxygen throughout your cat's body, enhancing their overall well-being and maintaining a strong natural immune response.

• TONICPET #5 promotes healthy blood circulation, ensuring optimal functionality across all bodily systems, including the nervous system.

• TONICPET #7 aids in combating brain tumors by enhancing oxygen flow to your cat’s brain, improving their ability to fight the disease.

• TONICPET #10 helps neutralize the acidic environment that cancer cells thrive in, balancing your cat's body pH and inhibiting tumor growth.

When combined with PIPTOPET, these homeopathic remedies work synergistically to improve circulation and strengthen your cat's natural defense mechanisms. Together, they provide additional support for managing symptoms and promoting overall well-being in cats facing brain tumors.

#3. Apples

The formation of tumors is strongly associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Research suggests that apples may play a role in reducing cancer risk due to their antioxidant properties.

One study found that extracts from whole apples and apple peels significantly reduced the viability of glioblastoma cells, a type of brain cancer, in humans.

If feeding your cat apples, remove the core, seeds, leaves, and stems, as they can cause stomach upset or blockages. Apple seeds contain cyanide, which is toxic to cats even in small amounts. Just a couple of slices are enough.

#4. Turmeric

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a perennial herb native to South Asia with a long history in traditional Chinese medicine. Known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties, turmeric supports skin health, digestion, liver function, and inflammation management. It is also gaining recognition as a complementary treatment in human cancer therapy.
For your cat, consider adding a small sprinkle of turmeric powder to their daily diet

#5. Broccoli

Broccoli provides protective and anti-tumor benefits due to indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a compound in cruciferous vegetables. Add plain, boiled, or steamed broccoli to your cat’s diet, but avoid raw broccoli, as it may upset their stomach.

#6. Chamomile

Chamomile contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds with potential anticancer properties. Some studies suggest it may attack malignant tumor cells or prevent their development, with evidence supporting its effects on glioma, leukemia, cervical, and liver cancers in humans.

In small doses, chamomile is safe for cats, but larger amounts may cause appetite loss, lethargy, vomiting, or diarrhea. If these signs appear, discontinue use.
To provide its benefits, steep half a teaspoon of chamomile in a cup of hot water, let it cool, and add it to your cat’s drinking water or food.

#7. Celery

Celery contains luteolin and apigenin, compounds with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. Apigenin may promote apoptosis (programmed cell death), supporting cancer treatment.
To include celery in your cat's diet, use a thumb-sized piece, plain and unseasoned. Preferably, boil or steam it before sprinkling it over their food.

#8. Saffron

Saffron contains compounds such as picrocrocin, safranal, crocin, and crocetin, which have anticancer properties. These compounds promote apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation, blood vessel formation, and metastasis. While crocin and picrocrocin can be toxic to cats in large amounts, small quantities of saffron spice are considered safe.
Steep a tiny amount of saffron in hot water, let it cool, and add a few teaspoons to your cat's water or food. Avoid ornamental saffron species, as they are highly toxic to cats.

#9. Parsley

Parsley contains myricetin, a bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory, anticancer, apoptosis-inducing, and anticarcinogenic properties. It can also help prevent cancer cell proliferation.

Always give parsley in small amounts, as excessive quantities can be toxic to cats. To use it in your cat’s diet, steep a few sprigs in a cup of hot water. Once cooled, add up to three teaspoons per day to your cat’s water or food.

#10. CBD Oil

CBD oil has antitumor properties and may slow cancer cell growth in certain cases. It can complement chemotherapy and radiation therapy, potentially enhancing their effectiveness, while also improving the quality of life for pets with brain cancer. Always follow the instructions on the label.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How long can a cat live with a brain tumor?

Cats diagnosed with primary brain tumors have a mean survival time of 2 to 6 months with palliative care. However, if the tumor is completely removed via surgery, their survival may extend to 1 to 2 years. In contrast, cats with secondary brain cancer typically survive about a month.

How common are brain tumors in older cats?

Brain tumors are relatively uncommon in cats, but many cases may go undiagnosed, often due to financial constraints. They are more frequently seen in older cats (over 9 to 10 years old), though younger cats can also be affected.

How can you tell if a cat has a brain tumor?

The clinical signs of brain tumors in felines often include behavioral changes, seizures, vision loss, severe lethargy, depression, disorientation, and walking in circles.

About the author

Dr. Iuliana Mihai, DVM, MSc, PhD

Iuliana Mihai, DVM, MSc, PhD, is a Bucharest-based veterinary expert specializing in internal medicine and oncology.

Her work has been published in reputable publications such as Veterinary Medicine Journal, Catster.com, Dogster.com, Hepper.com, Meowiz.com, Springnaturals.com, Petkeen.com, and Wilderharrier.com.

She is a malpractice and negligence veterinary consultant and a graduate of The University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine and The Romanian Academy.

Read the complete profile of Dr. Iuliana Mihai, DVM, MSc, PhD (Veterinarian) here.